Underlying Consensus Algorithms, Architectures and Data Structures in Distributed Ledger Technologies Applications

Abstract

Distribute Ledger Technologies (DLTs) provide a distributed and decentralized environment with no central trusted control authority. DLTs removes a single point of authorization hence increasing the levels of trust of distributed records however there are still challenges in the underlying consensus algorithms, architectures and data structures in DLTs applications that need to be addressed. This paper employs exploratory research design with an objective to review various literature on different consensus algorithms, architectures and data structures applied in DLTs applications. The study revealed proof-of-work and proof-of-stake as some of the common consensus algorithms used in DLTs. The review shows that DLTs use either linear or linked, complex and hybrid data structures. Blockchain, Directed Acyclic Graph, Hashgraph, Holochain and Tempo (Radix) as the common types of DLTs. The findings also indicated that DLTs architectural design is constructed of three layers Protocol, Network, and Data. This study contributes to body of knowledge in DLTs.